MKS Publication

Chapter 3

Carbon Neutral Agriculture - Prospects & Challenges

Abstract/Preface

Agriculture is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for about 24 percent worldwide and nearly 17.6 percent of total net CO2 equivalent emissions in India. Major sources of emissions include improper soil and manure management, enteric fermentation from livestock, flooded rice cultivation, crop residue burning, and excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Promoting carbon neutral agriculture is therefore essential to mitigate climate change impacts. Carbon neutral agriculture refers to achieving a net-zero balance of greenhouse gas emissions from farming systems through carbon sequestration and improved management practices. Several agronomic interventions such as conservation agriculture, balanced nutrient management, cover cropping, improved water management, soil and biodiversity conservation, and agroforestry play a crucial role in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and reducing GHG emissions. Practices viz., alternate wetting and drying in rice cultivation, proper manure management, and inclusion of cover crops further contribute to lowering emissions while improving soil health and productivity. Although various government schemes promote climate-smart agricultural practices, the transition to carbon neutral agriculture in India faces challenges such as high initial investment, lack of infrastructure, technical constraints, and risks in rainfed regions. Therefore, strong policy support, technological innovations, and targeted investments are essential to facilitate the adoption of carbon neutral farming systems and ensure sustainable agricultural development.